
Images play an important role in mass communication. When reading the newspapers, readers first look at the images before reading the whole text. Sometimes they even skip reading. Images in mass communication tell more than a thousand words as the expression says. This is actually true. Some newspapers rely more on images than on text to express their content and some rely only on them, as it is their sole topic. It is true that newspapers rely a lot on photography and drawings to give an overview of what they want to say. Indeed, we see in today’s newspapers a lot of images of all sorts: photography, cartoons with short captions, and advertising.
Digital in mass communication nowadays is the key word. It is everywhere: from the type of camera to the data use by social media to generate content. It shows how images can be powerful in front of the large public in order to spread ideas, advertisements, or content. As images come from a broad range of sources, here I chose three source of images leading to mass communication, which I think are the most important in today’s world: posters, photography, and screens.
Posters
Because of the generalisation of social media, one could be led to think that posters are not effective anymore in its role in mass communication. Moreover, it seems that advertising has taken the lead in facing mass communication. However, posters are more effective than ever in generating audience because it is able to communicate to a large one at the same time, and it started a long time ago.
Indeed, in the 19th century, posters were simple sheets of paper containing a few colours. The process with which they were made was called lithography. Such posters contained enough colours – generally three – to be able attract the eyes of a large range of people. The master of lithography was Jules Chéret and he did not break the rules of the colours: he used mostly the blue, yellow and red in his production. His posters not only caught the eye of the public but also created a new wave of protestation: the liberation of women, which he painted as “free-spirited”. Some called him the father of women liberation. Some thought that he painted prostitutes but actually he painted what we could call “Chérettes” which were the exact opposites of prostitutes. Thanks to Chéret’s posters women were able to do things that were taboo before, like smoking in public.
The art of posters evolved throughout the decades with Art Nouveau, particularly in France, which was led by Toulouse-Leclerc (see La Goulue for the Moulin Rouge). But in the wake of World War I, posters began to become political and there were a new function for posters: propaganda. The role was to recruit as many soldiers as possible. In the United States 2,500 posters were designed and 20 million were produced in a little more than two years. The Bolsheviks also used posters as a medium of propaganda during the revolution.
Nowadays, posters have different roles and serve as well as a first and second ways of media in mass communication: in front of you (in the streets) and through screens. The use of posters is broadly for advertising products or services for private companies, but also for propaganda, or better said political campaigns. Their conception has become more complex than before since different arts are involved in them: photography, CAD, and design, which are combined thanks to technology that is more affordable than ever. The role in each case is still the same, that is, attract people to their own cause.
Photography
From the dead body of Che Guevara in Bolivia to Barak Obama in the White House during the chase of Osama Bin Laden, photography has never been important in mass communication during the 20th and 21st century. But what is the difference between the pictures of Che Guevara’s death and these of Osama Bin Laden’s? The former pictures have been shown to the world while the latter have been occulted. As a consequence, Che Guevara has been raised to a legend (maybe to a martyr) while Bin Laden has almost been forgotten.
Photography can have a real impact on society as this example illustrates. Then I repeat: an image is worth a thousand words. Indeed, while written texts need to be translated, an image has something that is universal in language and in emotions. The whole world understood the man in front of the tanks in Tiananmen Square. Photography can also engage the viewer in his or her emotions. Everybody was overwhelmed when they saw the child (“Alyan”) lying dead on a beach in Turkey. The response has been that during the Syrian war, some governments took migrants into their countries.
Comics and cinema
Americans are the best in communicating via cinema, and formerly with comics. Even if comics have given birth to the superheroes of today’s movies those ones are seen by millions of people worldwide and Hollywood is the epicentre of that phenomenon. But it seems that American blockbusters are telling something that is not entirely true about the power of the nation.
So, are American superheroes a way of creating propaganda? This has never been said but if we dig a little there may be elements of truth in that question. All began with comics in 1938 when Superman appeared with his red cape and his blue suit. The United States (and the world) faced an economic crisis and the rise of totalitarian regimes. Americans needed to gain confidence by seeing their favourite characters winning alone the wars against supervillains. We saw Superman delivering Hitler to the League of Nations while Captain America, whose suit evoke the American flag, knocked Hitler himself. But superheroes also have a human face. They actually face realistic problems like next of kin’s drug addiction, sickness, political manipulation, racism, sectarianism, pollution, overpopulation and famine. Superman has to deal with Ku Klux Klan and the X-men support gay marriage by “giving their vote” to Barack Obama.
This way of communicating through entertainment at the worldwide scale is part of what we call soft power because it does not impose any power by force. All the American culture is spread worldwide because everyone wants it. By watching those movies or by reading those comics there is one American arm that is sowed in each continent while the head of the octopus still gets away in the New Continent.
Conclusion
Images are easier to absorb than texts. That is why comics are used to teach reading. But the easiness gives the viewer no more imagination than texts do in the sense that we see what is given to you. The image given by the photographer to the public is objective, the text less. Texts give fruit to imagination. This is why I think that good newspapers give abstract pieces of images and rely more on texts than those who bombard us with images and give few description and poor analysis. I think good journalism is the one that creates an atmosphere thanks to its texts by telling a thrilling story.